Relative Entropy Pathwise Policy Optimization

ICLR 2026 Conference SubmissionAnonymous Authors
reinforcement learningparallel simulationvalue functionppopolicy gradientspolicy optimization
Abstract:

Score-function based methods for policy learning, such as REINFORCE and PPO, have delivered strong results in game-playing and robotics, yet their high variance often undermines training stability. Using pathwise policy gradients, i.e. computing a derivative by differentiating the objective function, alleviates the variance issues. However, they require an accurate action-conditioned value function, which is notoriously hard to learn without relying on replay buffers for reusing past off-policy data. We present an on-policy algorithm that trains Q-value models purely from on-policy trajectories, unlocking the possibility of using pathwise policy updates in the context of on-policy learning. We show how to combine stochastic policies for exploration with constrained updates for stable training, and evaluate important architectural components that stabilize value function learning. The result, Relative Entropy Pathwise Policy Optimization (REPPO), is an efficient on-policy algorithm that combines the stability of pathwise policy gradients with the simplicity and minimal memory footprint of standard on-policy learning. Compared to state-of-the-art on two standard GPU-parallelized benchmarks, REPPO provides strong empirical performance at superior sample efficiency, wall-clock time, memory footprint, and hyperparameter robustness.

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Overview

Overall Novelty Assessment

The paper proposes an on-policy reinforcement learning algorithm that applies pathwise policy gradients without replay buffers, combining stochastic exploration with constrained updates and architectural innovations for stable value learning. It resides in the 'On-Policy Pathwise Optimization' leaf, which contains only two papers total. This sparse taxonomy leaf suggests the approach targets a relatively underexplored niche: most pathwise gradient methods either rely on off-policy data or operate in model-based settings, whereas this work pursues pure on-policy trajectories for gradient computation.

The taxonomy reveals that neighboring research directions include discrete action space adaptations, model-based policy search addressing gradient instability, and theoretical control-theoretic frameworks. The paper's leaf sits under 'Pathwise Gradient Estimation Methods,' distinct from model-based approaches that use learned dynamics models and from discrete action techniques that handle combinatorial spaces. By focusing on continuous actions and on-policy data, the work diverges from hybrid methods requiring replay buffers and from model-based rollouts, occupying a boundary between classical score-function estimators and fully differentiable simulation-based methods.

Among fourteen candidates examined, the first contribution (on-policy pathwise gradients without replay) showed no clear refutation across four candidates, suggesting relative novelty in this specific formulation. The second contribution (joint entropy and KL-constrained objective) examined ten candidates and found two refutable instances, indicating some overlap with prior regularization schemes. The third contribution (architectural components for value learning) was not directly assessed against prior work. The limited search scope—fourteen candidates from semantic search and citation expansion—means these findings reflect top-ranked matches rather than exhaustive coverage of the field.

Overall, the analysis suggests the work occupies a sparsely populated research direction, with the core algorithmic framework appearing relatively novel but the regularization objective showing partial overlap with existing methods. The small taxonomy leaf size and limited refutation evidence point toward a contribution that extends known ideas into a less-explored on-policy setting, though the restricted search scope leaves open the possibility of additional relevant prior work not captured in this analysis.

Taxonomy

Core-task Taxonomy Papers
6
3
Claimed Contributions
14
Contribution Candidate Papers Compared
2
Refutable Paper

Research Landscape Overview

Core task: on-policy reinforcement learning with pathwise policy gradients. This field centers on computing policy gradients by differentiating through entire trajectories or environment dynamics, rather than relying solely on score-function estimators. The taxonomy reveals four main branches. Pathwise Gradient Estimation Methods explore direct differentiation techniques, including on-policy pathwise optimization and strategies for handling discrete or stochastic transitions. Model-Based Policy Search with Gradient Stability investigates how learned or analytic models can provide stable gradient signals, often trading off sample efficiency against model fidelity. Application Domains and Specialized Implementations address deployment in robotics, control tasks, and other settings where pathwise gradients offer practical advantages. Theoretical Foundations and Control-Theoretic Perspectives ground these methods in optimization theory and classical control, clarifying convergence properties and connections to deterministic optimal control. Recent work has intensified around making pathwise gradients practical in challenging scenarios. Some studies focus on discrete action spaces, where reparameterization is nontrivial—Deterministic Discrete Actions[5] and Differentiable Discrete Event[2] exemplify efforts to enable gradient flow despite discontinuities. Others emphasize on-policy stability and credit assignment: Deep Policy Without Batch[1] and Control Credit Assignment[6] tackle how to maintain low-variance updates without large replay buffers, while PIPPS[3] and Differential Pointwise Control[4] refine gradient estimation under model uncertainty. Relative Entropy Pathwise[0] sits within the on-policy pathwise optimization cluster, sharing with Deep Policy Without Batch[1] an emphasis on direct policy updates but distinguishing itself through a relative-entropy regularization framework that aims to balance exploration and gradient stability. Compared to PIPPS[3], which leverages model-based rollouts, Relative Entropy Pathwise[0] operates more directly on sampled trajectories, highlighting an ongoing tension between sample efficiency and the complexity of maintaining differentiable environment models.

Claimed Contributions

On-policy algorithm using pathwise policy gradients without replay buffers

The authors introduce REPPO, an on-policy reinforcement learning algorithm that learns state-action value functions from on-policy data alone, enabling the use of pathwise policy gradients without requiring large replay buffers typical of off-policy methods.

4 retrieved papers
Joint entropy and KL-constrained policy optimization objective

The authors develop a policy optimization framework that combines maximum entropy exploration with KL-divergence constraints on policy updates, automatically tuning both multipliers to balance exploration and stable learning.

10 retrieved papers
Can Refute
Evaluation of architectural components for on-policy value learning

The authors assess the impact of recent neural network design advances including categorical Q-learning with cross-entropy losses, normalized architectures, and auxiliary tasks on stabilizing value function learning in the on-policy setting.

0 retrieved papers

Core Task Comparisons

Comparisons with papers in the same taxonomy category

Contribution Analysis

Detailed comparisons for each claimed contribution

Contribution

On-policy algorithm using pathwise policy gradients without replay buffers

The authors introduce REPPO, an on-policy reinforcement learning algorithm that learns state-action value functions from on-policy data alone, enabling the use of pathwise policy gradients without requiring large replay buffers typical of off-policy methods.

Contribution

Joint entropy and KL-constrained policy optimization objective

The authors develop a policy optimization framework that combines maximum entropy exploration with KL-divergence constraints on policy updates, automatically tuning both multipliers to balance exploration and stable learning.

Contribution

Evaluation of architectural components for on-policy value learning

The authors assess the impact of recent neural network design advances including categorical Q-learning with cross-entropy losses, normalized architectures, and auxiliary tasks on stabilizing value function learning in the on-policy setting.

Relative Entropy Pathwise Policy Optimization | Novelty Validation