Regularized Latent Dynamics Prediction is a Strong Baseline For Behavioral Foundation Models

ICLR 2026 Conference SubmissionAnonymous Authors
Behavioral Foundation Models (BFMs)Zero-shot Reinforcement LearningZero-shot RLRepresentation LearningUnsupervised RL
Abstract:

Behavioral Foundation Models (BFMs) have been recently successful in producing agents with the capabilities to adapt to any unknown reward or task. In reality, these methods are only able to produce near-optimal policies for the reward functions that are in the span of some pre-existing state features. Naturally, their efficiency relies heavily on the choice of state features that they use. As a result, these BFMs have used a wide variety of complex objectives, often sensitive to environment coverage, to train task spanning features with different inductive properties. With this work, our aim is to examine the question: are these complex representation learning objectives necessary for zero-shot RL? Specifically, we revisit the objective of self-supervised next-state prediction in latent space for state feature learning, but observe that such an objective alone is prone to increasing state-feature similarity, and subsequently reducing span of reward functions that we can represent optimal policies for. We propose an approach, RLDP, that adds a simple regularization to maintain feature diversity and can match or surpass state-of-the-art complex representation learning methods for zero-shot RL. Furthermore, we demonstrate the prior approaches diverge in low-coverage scenarios where RLDP still succeeds.

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This report is AI-GENERATED using Large Language Models and WisPaper (A scholar search engine). It analyzes academic papers' tasks and contributions against retrieved prior work. While this system identifies POTENTIAL overlaps and novel directions, ITS COVERAGE IS NOT EXHAUSTIVE AND JUDGMENTS ARE APPROXIMATE. These results are intended to assist human reviewers and SHOULD NOT be relied upon as a definitive verdict on novelty.
NOTE that some papers exist in multiple, slightly different versions (e.g., with different titles or URLs). The system may retrieve several versions of the same underlying work. The current automated pipeline does not reliably align or distinguish these cases, so human reviewers will need to disambiguate them manually.
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Overview

Overall Novelty Assessment

The paper proposes RLDP, a method that revisits next-state prediction in latent space for learning state features in zero-shot reinforcement learning, augmented with a regularization to prevent feature collapse. It resides in the 'Next-State Prediction and Latent Dynamics Modeling' leaf, which contains only two papers (including this one), indicating a relatively sparse research direction within the broader 'Latent Dynamics and Predictive Representation Learning' branch. This positioning suggests the paper addresses a focused niche: simple predictive objectives for zero-shot RL, rather than the more crowded contrastive or meta-learning approaches elsewhere in the taxonomy.

The taxonomy reveals that neighboring branches emphasize alternative strategies: 'Temporal Difference and Forward-Backward Representations' (four papers) explores TD-based or bidirectional dynamics, while 'Contrastive and Self-Supervised Representation Learning' (six papers across two leaves) prioritizes contrastive losses over temporal prediction. The paper's focus on next-state prediction with regularization diverges from these directions by questioning whether complex objectives are necessary, positioning it as a simplification or baseline challenge to methods in adjacent branches that employ more elaborate contrastive or invariance-based objectives.

Among the three contributions analyzed, the core RLDP method and its robustness in low-coverage settings each examined ten candidates with no clear refutations, suggesting these aspects may be relatively novel within the limited search scope of thirty papers. However, the identification and mitigation of feature collapse examined ten candidates and found three that appear to provide overlapping prior work, indicating this specific problem and its solution have been addressed to some extent in the examined literature. The analysis does not claim exhaustive coverage, so additional relevant work may exist beyond the top-30 semantic matches.

Given the limited search scope and the paper's position in a sparse taxonomy leaf, the work appears to offer a focused contribution by revisiting a simple objective with a targeted fix for feature collapse. The analysis suggests moderate novelty for the method and robustness claims, while the feature collapse insight has more substantial prior overlap among the candidates examined. A broader literature search would be needed to assess whether the simplicity argument and regularization approach represent a significant departure from state-of-the-art complex methods.

Taxonomy

Core-task Taxonomy Papers
50
3
Claimed Contributions
30
Contribution Candidate Papers Compared
3
Refutable Paper

Research Landscape Overview

Core task: representation learning for zero-shot reinforcement learning. The field is organized around diverse strategies for building representations that enable agents to generalize to unseen tasks or environments without additional training. At the highest level, the taxonomy distinguishes between approaches that emphasize predictive modeling of environment dynamics (Latent Dynamics and Predictive Representation Learning), methods that leverage contrastive or self-supervised signals (Contrastive and Self-Supervised Representation Learning[11]), and techniques that explicitly decouple or disentangle task-relevant factors (Decoupled and Disentangled Representation Learning[4,18]). Other major branches focus on invariance and robustness to distribution shifts (Invariant and Robust Representation Learning[3]), cross-modal integration (Cross-Modal and Multi-Modal Representation Learning[1]), meta-learning for task adaptation (Meta-Learning and Task Representation for Zero-Shot Transfer[7,13]), and domain transfer challenges such as sim-to-real (Sim-to-Real Transfer and Domain Adaptation[2,8]). Additional directions include language-conditioned policies (Language-Conditioned and Semantic Representation Learning[16,28]), object-centric factorizations (Object-Centric and Structured Representation Learning[20]), hierarchical decompositions (Hierarchical and Subtask-Based Representation Learning[25]), and large-scale pre-training (Behavioral Foundation Models and Unsupervised Pre-Training[29]). A central tension across these branches concerns the trade-off between model-based predictive accuracy and task-agnostic feature learning: some works prioritize forward dynamics or next-state prediction to capture environment structure, while others argue that contrastive or invariance-based objectives yield more transferable representations. The original paper, Latent Dynamics Baseline[0], sits squarely within the predictive modeling branch, emphasizing next-state prediction and latent dynamics as a foundation for zero-shot transfer. This places it in close proximity to methods like TD-JEPA[10] and Robust Zero-shot[12], which similarly exploit temporal structure, yet contrasts with approaches such as Invariant Representations[3] or Unified Zero-shot Framework[5] that prioritize invariance or task-agnostic distillation over explicit dynamics modeling. The landscape reveals ongoing debate about whether predictive world models or task-invariant embeddings offer a more robust path to generalization, with Latent Dynamics Baseline[0] contributing a baseline perspective on the former.

Claimed Contributions

Regularized Latent Dynamics Prediction (RLDP) method

The authors introduce RLDP, a representation learning method that combines latent next-state prediction with orthogonal regularization to prevent feature collapse. This approach provides a simpler alternative to complex successor measure estimation methods while maintaining competitive performance for zero-shot reinforcement learning.

10 retrieved papers
Identification and mitigation of feature collapse in latent dynamics prediction

The authors identify that naive latent dynamics prediction leads to increasing state-feature similarity (a mild form of feature collapse) that reduces the span of representable reward functions. They propose orthogonal regularization as a solution to maintain feature diversity during representation learning.

10 retrieved papers
Can Refute
Demonstration of robustness in low-coverage settings

The authors demonstrate that RLDP, being a policy-independent representation learning objective, succeeds in low-coverage scenarios where prior approaches that rely on explicit Bellman backups struggle due to out-of-distribution action selection issues.

10 retrieved papers

Core Task Comparisons

Comparisons with papers in the same taxonomy category

Contribution Analysis

Detailed comparisons for each claimed contribution

Contribution

Regularized Latent Dynamics Prediction (RLDP) method

The authors introduce RLDP, a representation learning method that combines latent next-state prediction with orthogonal regularization to prevent feature collapse. This approach provides a simpler alternative to complex successor measure estimation methods while maintaining competitive performance for zero-shot reinforcement learning.

Contribution

Identification and mitigation of feature collapse in latent dynamics prediction

The authors identify that naive latent dynamics prediction leads to increasing state-feature similarity (a mild form of feature collapse) that reduces the span of representable reward functions. They propose orthogonal regularization as a solution to maintain feature diversity during representation learning.

Contribution

Demonstration of robustness in low-coverage settings

The authors demonstrate that RLDP, being a policy-independent representation learning objective, succeeds in low-coverage scenarios where prior approaches that rely on explicit Bellman backups struggle due to out-of-distribution action selection issues.

Regularized Latent Dynamics Prediction is a Strong Baseline For Behavioral Foundation Models | Novelty Validation