Online Minimization of Polarization and Disagreement via Low-Rank Matrix Bandits

ICLR 2026 Conference SubmissionAnonymous Authors
banditsonline learningopinion dynamicssocial media platforms
Abstract:

We study the problem of minimizing polarization and disagreement in the Friedkin–Johnsen opinion dynamics model under incomplete information. Unlike prior work that assumes a static setting with full knowledge of users' innate opinions, we address the more realistic online setting where innate opinions are unknown and must be learned through sequential observations. This novel setting, which naturally mirrors periodic interventions on social media platforms, is formulated as a regret minimization problem, establishing a key connection between algorithmic interventions on social media platforms and theory of multi-armed bandits. In our formulation, a learner observes only a scalar feedback of the overall polarization and disagreement after an intervention. For this novel bandit problem, we propose a two-stage algorithm based on low-rank matrix bandits. The algorithm first performs subspace estimation to identify an underlying low-dimensional structure, and then employs a linear bandit algorithm within the compact dimensional representation derived from the estimated subspace. We prove that our algorithm achieves an O~(T)\widetilde{O}(\sqrt{T}) cumulative regret over any time horizon TT. Empirical results validate that our algorithm significantly outperforms a linear bandit baseline in terms of both cumulative regret and running time.

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Overview

Overall Novelty Assessment

The paper contributes an online learning framework for polarization minimization in the Friedkin–Johnsen model, formulating the problem as regret minimization under incomplete information. It resides in the 'Optimization Under Incomplete Information' leaf, which contains only two papers total (including this one). This leaf sits within the broader 'Network Structure Modification Approaches' branch, which encompasses five papers on link recommendation and edge perturbation. The sparse population of this specific leaf suggests the online bandit formulation for polarization reduction represents a relatively underexplored research direction within the broader intervention literature.

The taxonomy reveals neighboring work in 'Link Recommendation and Edge Perturbation' (five papers) and 'Content and Recommendation System Interventions' (five papers across two sub-leaves). The sibling paper in the same leaf addresses unknown opinions but appears to focus on different inference or control mechanisms rather than sequential bandit optimization. The broader 'Network Structure Modification Approaches' branch excludes content-based interventions and opinion-based methods, positioning this work firmly within topology-modification strategies. The taxonomy structure indicates that while network intervention is well-studied, the online learning perspective with incomplete information remains a niche area.

Among 29 candidates examined, the online regret formulation (Contribution 1) shows no clear refutation across 10 candidates, suggesting novelty in framing polarization reduction as a bandit problem. The two-stage algorithm with subspace estimation (Contribution 2) examined 9 candidates and found 5 potentially refutable, indicating substantial prior work on dimensionality reduction techniques in related bandit settings. The theoretical regret bound (Contribution 3) examined 10 candidates with no refutations, though this may reflect the specific combination of problem structure and analysis rather than entirely new proof techniques. The limited search scope (29 papers) means these assessments capture top semantic matches rather than exhaustive coverage.

Based on the top-29 semantic matches and taxonomy structure, the work appears to occupy a sparsely populated research direction (one of two papers in its leaf). The online formulation and regret analysis seem relatively novel, while the algorithmic approach draws on established bandit techniques. The analysis does not cover the full breadth of opinion dynamics or online learning literature, so conclusions about novelty remain provisional pending broader review.

Taxonomy

Core-task Taxonomy Papers
33
3
Claimed Contributions
29
Contribution Candidate Papers Compared
5
Refutable Paper

Research Landscape Overview

Core task: online minimization of polarization and disagreement in opinion dynamics. The field addresses how to algorithmically reduce polarization and foster consensus in networked populations where opinions evolve over time. The taxonomy organizes research into three main branches: Algorithmic Intervention Strategies for Polarization Mitigation, which explores how platforms can actively modify network structures or content exposure to steer opinions toward agreement; Polarization Mechanisms and Modeling, which investigates the underlying dynamics that drive opinion fragmentation and echo chambers; and Domain-Specific Applications and Extensions, which applies these ideas to concrete settings such as social media feeds, political discourse, and misinformation spread. Within the intervention branch, some works focus on link recommendation and network rewiring (e.g., Link Recommendation Polarization[1], Consensus via Network Perturbation[2]), while others tackle content curation and feed design (e.g., Rebalancing Social Feed[8], Timeline Algorithms Low Rank[14]). The modeling branch examines phenomena like filter bubbles (Filter Bubbles Impact[13]) and adversarial manipulation (Adversarial Opinion Perturbations[24]), and the applications branch includes studies on bot-driven polarization (Political Bots Polarization[20]) and domain-specific interventions (Anti Vaccine Mitigation[6]). A particularly active line of work centers on optimization under incomplete information, where the platform must learn which interventions reduce polarization without full knowledge of user opinions or network structure. Online Polarization Bandits[0] exemplifies this direction by framing the problem as a bandit task in which the platform sequentially selects edges to add while observing noisy feedback about polarization levels. This approach contrasts with works like Friedkin Johnsen Unknown Opinions[4], which also addresses unknown opinions but focuses on different inference or control mechanisms, and Mitigate Disagreement Networks[5], which may emphasize batch or offline optimization. A recurring theme across these studies is the trade-off between exploration (learning the network state) and exploitation (acting on current estimates), as well as the challenge of defining and measuring polarization in dynamic, partially observable environments. The original paper sits squarely within the network structure modification cluster, distinguished by its online learning perspective and bandit formulation.

Claimed Contributions

Online formulation of polarization and disagreement minimization as regret minimization problem

The authors introduce a novel online learning framework for minimizing polarization and disagreement in the Friedkin–Johnsen opinion dynamics model under incomplete information. Unlike prior work assuming full knowledge of innate opinions, this formulation casts the problem as a stochastic low-rank matrix bandit problem where the learner observes only scalar feedback after each intervention.

10 retrieved papers
Two-stage algorithm with subspace estimation and dimensionality reduction

The authors develop a two-stage algorithm that first estimates the latent subspace containing the unknown parameter matrix using nuclear-norm regularized least-squares, then runs a linear bandit method in a reduced (2|V|−1)-dimensional space. This approach significantly reduces the problem dimension from |V|² to O(|V|).

9 retrieved papers
Can Refute
Theoretical regret bound with sublinear dependence on time horizon

The authors establish a cumulative regret bound of eO(|V|√T) for their algorithm, demonstrating optimal √T dependence on the time horizon and linear rather than quadratic dependence on the number of users. This represents the first theoretical guarantee for sequential interventions in opinion dynamics without complete knowledge of innate opinions.

10 retrieved papers

Core Task Comparisons

Comparisons with papers in the same taxonomy category

Contribution Analysis

Detailed comparisons for each claimed contribution

Contribution

Online formulation of polarization and disagreement minimization as regret minimization problem

The authors introduce a novel online learning framework for minimizing polarization and disagreement in the Friedkin–Johnsen opinion dynamics model under incomplete information. Unlike prior work assuming full knowledge of innate opinions, this formulation casts the problem as a stochastic low-rank matrix bandit problem where the learner observes only scalar feedback after each intervention.

Contribution

Two-stage algorithm with subspace estimation and dimensionality reduction

The authors develop a two-stage algorithm that first estimates the latent subspace containing the unknown parameter matrix using nuclear-norm regularized least-squares, then runs a linear bandit method in a reduced (2|V|−1)-dimensional space. This approach significantly reduces the problem dimension from |V|² to O(|V|).

Contribution

Theoretical regret bound with sublinear dependence on time horizon

The authors establish a cumulative regret bound of eO(|V|√T) for their algorithm, demonstrating optimal √T dependence on the time horizon and linear rather than quadratic dependence on the number of users. This represents the first theoretical guarantee for sequential interventions in opinion dynamics without complete knowledge of innate opinions.

Online Minimization of Polarization and Disagreement via Low-Rank Matrix Bandits | Novelty Validation